Fig. 6

Analysis of microbial species diversity. Microbial cladogram (A): In the cladogram, the circles radiating from the inside out represent the taxonomic levels from the phylum level to the genus (or species) level. Each small circle at a different taxonomic level represents a taxon of that category, the diameter of the small circle is yellow for species with no significant difference in relative abundance, blue nodes represent microbial communities that play an important role in the EAF group, and red nodes represent the microbial communities that play an important role in the EBF group. Histogram of LDA value distribution (B): the length of the histogram represents the impact size (LDA score) of different bacterial species. Specieslevel difference test plot between groups (C, Wilcoxon rank-sum test): the length of the histogram represents the proportion of different bacterial species (EBF: before metformin treatment; EBF: after metformin treatment)