Fig. 7

Validation of MUC1 as prospective biomarker for early-stage HGSC. A SHAP model analysis reveals strong drivers of SVM classification. Positive SHAP values indicate strong drivers of HGSC classification, such as MUC1. On the other hand, APOC4 was determined as a strong driver of Benign donor classification. MUC1 (CA15-3) concentrations were estimated in raw plasma using ELISA. B MUC1 was significantly elevated in early-stage HGSC donors compared to donors with benign disease. Notably, (C) MUC1 was also differentially detected between HGSC donors classified as FIGO I vs II. D, E Using logistic regression for classification, MUC1 produced an AUC-ROC = 0.73 and correctly identified 17 out of 18 HGSC donors; albeit 10 out of 18 Benign donors were misclassified. F, G Logistic regression classification of HGSC donors into FIGO I vs FIGO II provided an AUC-ROC = 0.93. 7 out of 9 HGSC donors at FGIO II were correctly classified; moreover, 8 out of 9 HGSC donors were correctly classified as FIGO I. Data in B,C represented a box plots with quartiles. Red dashed line indicates predicted threshold of MUC1 to confidently indicate HGSC vs benign disease. * = 0.05 > p-value determined by Mann–Whitney U Test