Preovulatory progesterone levels are the top indicator for ovulation prediction based on machine learning model evaluation: a retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics, follicle diameter, and hormone levels of records grouped by ovulation timing

	72 h	48 h	24 h	p.overall	p.72 h vs. 48 h	p.72 h vs. 24 h	p.48 h vs. 24 h
	N = 306	N = 598	N = 728	p.overall	p.72 h vs. 48 h	p.72 h vs. 24 h	p.48 h vs. 24 h
Age (year)	33.2 ± 4.95	33.2 ± 4.88	33.2 ± 4.86	0.997	0.999	1.000	0.997
BMI (kg/m²)	21.8 ± 2.81	21.7 ± 2.72	21.7 ± 2.72	0.920	0.915	0.942	0.994
Diameter (mm)	16.3 ± 1.35	17.4 ± 1.54	18.4 ± 1.71	< 0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000
E2 (pg/ml)	282 ± 107 269 [201–336]	378 ± 128 368 [283–449]	286 ± 114 273 [203–351]	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.511	< 0.001
LH (mIU/ml)	14.5 ± 5.55 13.5 [10.6–17.2]	32.2 ± 16.4 28.6 [20.5–40.0]	50.5 ± 21.2 47.3 [35.8–63.5]	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
P4 (ng/ml)	0.22 ± 0.16 0.20 [0.10–0.30]	0.38 ± 0.22 0.30 [0.20–0.50]	0.87 ± 0.28 0.90 [0.70-1.00]	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Notes: 72 h: Ovulation within 72 h group; 48 h: Ovulation within 48 h group; 24 h: Ovulation within 24 h group; N: number of records in each group; p.overall: overall p value; p.72 h vs. 48 h: p value of comparison between the 72 h group and the 48 h group; p.72 h vs. 24 h: p value of comparison between the 72 h group and the 24 h group; p.48 h vs. 24 h: p value of comparison between the 48 h group and the 24 h group; p values of all post-hoc comparisons were adjusted. E2: estrogen level; LH: luteinizing hormone level; P4: progesterone level. Statistical description of hormone levels including estrogen, luteinizing hormone and progesterone were presented by both mean ± standard deviation and median [interquartile range] because of their non-normally distribution

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