Fig. 3

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) at the OTU level between women with PCOS (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 10). Statistical confidence was assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Taxa were ranked by the LDA score, where a logarithmic LDA score threshold of ± 1.5 indicated significant differences at P < 0.05