Table 2 Levels of gut-derived metabolites in women with PCOS and controls

IPA, ng/mL

77.5 ± 35.3

129.5 ± 57.0

Fecal SCFA

(n = 22)

(n = 14)

Acetic acid, µm/g

159.8 ± 85.5

114.1 ± 88.8

Propionic acid, µm/g

58.7 ± 37.7

36.5 ± 30.7

Butyric acid, µm/g

44.8 ± 25.7

26.9 ± 23.8

Isobutyric acid, µm/g

5.1 ± 2.1

4.6 ± 1.8

Valeric acid, µm/g

10.0 ± 6.4

7.2 ± 4.2

Isovaleric acid, µm/g

4.6 ± 2.3

4.1 ± 2.0

Caproic acid, µm/g

3.5 ± 3.6

2.3 ± 3.2

Formic acid, µm/g

2.4 ± 2.4

1.8 ± 1.7

Succinic acid, µm/g

10.3 ± 29.5

8.3 ± 26.4

Plasma SCFA

(n = 24)

(n = 14)

Acetic acid, µM

76.2 ± 28.2

46.2 ± 20.9

Propionic acid, µM

3.9 ± 1.3

2.5 ± 0.7

Butyric acid, µM

0.2 ± 0.1

0.2 ± 0.2

Isobutyric acid, µM

2.6 ± 0.7

2.1 ± 0.5

Valeric acid, µM

0.1 ± 0.1

0.2 ± 0.1

Isovaleric acid, µM

1.2 ± 0.5

1.1 ± 0.4

Caproic acid, µM ^c

0.2 ± 0.3

0.2 ± 0.1

Formic acid, µM

146.4 ± 61.1

60.8 ± 17.3

Succinic acid, µM ^c

2.4 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.6