Table 1 Use of CeO₂ NPs for improving female reproductive function

CeO₂ NPs

CD-1 strain Swiss Albino endometriosis female mice

Injecting 0.5 mg/kg nanoceria into the peritoneal cavity twice a day for 15 days

Mitigate endometrial lesions, decrease OS, inhibit angiogenesis, and increase oocyte quality.

[169]

CeO₂ NPs

Old Balb/C and CBA mice

Treating old Balb/c mice with Ce0₂ NPs at dose of 45 mg/kg once a day for 3 days

Antioxidant action, anti-aging effect, and activated meiotic maturation of oocytes with increased litter size in aged mice.

[170]

CeO₂ NPs

Human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3, HUVEC, A2780 injected mice, cancer model

In vitro culture with 50–100 µM nanoceria and in vivo intra-peritoneal injection of nanoceria 0.1 mg/kg every 3rd day for 30 days

In vivo and in vitro anti-angiogenic, metastasis inhibiting therapeutic role in ovarian cancer.

[171]

CeO₂ NPs

Oocytes and follicular cells from old CD1 Female mice

In vitro maturation of oocytes and follicular cells in the presence of 2, 5, 10, and 100 mg/ml CeO₂ NPs for 2 h

No internalization in oocyte cytoplasm, dose-dependent genotoxic effect.

[172]

CeO₂ NPs

Ovine oocytes

In vitro maturation of oocytes in the presence of CeO₂ NPs (0, 44, 88, 220 mg/mL)

No interference with nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation, increased blastocyst yield, and reduced ROS at the lowest dose.

[173]

CeO₂ NPs

In vitro - OVCAR3, SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell line

In vivo - A27890 generated mouse xenograft

24-hour incubation of cell lines with folic acid-tagged nanoceria NCe-FA (0- 300 µM)

In vivo treatment with 0.1 mg/kg with NCe-FA alone and combined with cisplatinum for 3 days.

Enhanced specific targeting of ovarian cancer, apoptosis of tumor cells, inhibited ROS, cell proliferation, and migration.

[174]

CeO₂ NPs

Human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line - SKOV3

72-hour treatment with 50 µg/ml of 7 and 94 nm CeO₂ NPs

No genotoxicity, ROS scavenging depends on the exposure time, size, pH, and cell type used.

[175]

CeO₂ NPs

Pregnant Sprague Dawley rat

10 ml CeO₂ NPs administered orally during pre-mating, mating, gestation, and early lactation periods with of 100, 300,100 mg/kg for 2 weeks

No biodistribution in rats or pubs. Excreted through feces in 24 h.

[176]

Cerium oxide

CeO₂

Pregnant NMRI mice

Intraperitoneal administration on days 7 and 14 of gestation with 10, 25, 80, and 250 mg/kg body weight of cerium oxide

Dose-dependent effect on primary and primordial follicles of the neonatal ovarian tissue

[177]

CeO₂ NPs

High-fat diet (HFD) fed ICR female mice

HDF mice treated with 0.1 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg CeO₂ NPs 3 times a week for 12 weeks

Restoration of glucose metabolism, oocyte, and blastocyst quality. Reduced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress

[178]

CeO₂ NPs

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) induced PCOD mouse model

Treated with CeO₂ NPs chemically bonded with anti-inflammatory drug Resveratrol (CeO₂@RSV) for 2 weeks

Mitigate excess ROS, inflammation, follicular atresia, and apoptosis of granulosa cells. Alter M1/M2 macrophage subtype

[179]

CeO₂ NPs

Oocytes from female ICR mice

12/24-hour in vitro culture of oocytes with Lipolic acid (LA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) modified CeO₂NPs (LA-PEG-CeNPs)

ROS scavenging and multienzyme mimetic action, restore mitochondrial function, prevent post-ovulatory oocyte aging, and improve fertilization and embryo developmental potential.

[180]