Fig. 4

Metabolite profiles of the EV samples from study participants. A Heat Map showing the profile of metabolites in plasma EV samples and their metabolic classifications. The relative concentration of metabolites in the samples are expressed on a log₂ scale. The red block indicates that the metabolite level in the divisor array is higher than that in the divisor array, while the blue block indicates that the metabolite level in the divisor array is lower than that in the divisor array. Only metabolites with both p-value and q-value less than 0.01 in the logistic regression adjusted for age and BMI are displayed. B<C Volcano plot of the metabolites with differential abundance (p < 0.05, FC > 1.5). Red dots indicate upregulation and blue dots indicate downregulation