Fig. 2

Chemical composition analysis of GNC by LC-MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. (A) Total Ion Current (TIC) chromatogram of GNC in positive ion mode, displaying distinct high-intensity peaks, primarily between 5 and 20 minutes, corresponding to lipophilic compounds such as flavonoids and alkaloids. (B) TIC chromatogram of GNC in negative ion mode, showing moderate intensity peaks corresponding to organic oxygen compounds and lignans. (C) UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis of drug-containing plasma from rats administered GNC, identifying nine active compounds. These peaks correspond to specific compounds, indicating their absorption and bioavailability in plasma at various time points post-administration