Fig. 2

Chemical Structure of doxorubicin. (A) Doxorubicin molecule consists of an anthraquinone chromophore core (red-colored tetracyclic structure) attached to a daunosamine sugar moiety. This structure facilitates DNA intercalation and topoisomerase II inhibition, critical for its anti-cancer activity. (B) Schematic illustration showing doxorubicin encapsulated within a phospholipid bilayer vesicle (liposome), surrounded by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG coating enhances circulation time, reduces immunogenicity, and improves drug delivery to tumors via enhanced permeability and retention (EPR). As a result, this formulation minimizes systemic toxicity