Fig. 5

SHAP plots. (A) SHAP summary plot shows feature importance for each predictor of the XGBoost model in descending order. The upper predictors are more important to the model’s predictive outcome. A dot is created for each feature attribution value for the XGBoost model of each patient. The further away a dot is from the baseline SHAP value of zero, the stronger it effects the model output. Dots are colored according to the values of features. Yellow represents higher feature values and red represents lower feature values. (B) Bar chart of the mean absolute SHAP value for each predictor of the XGBoost model in descending order. C and D. The force plots provide personalized feature attributions using two examples