Fig. 3

High THBS1 expression enhances the chemotactic recruitment of M2 macrophages. (A) qPCR analysis of THBS1 mRNA expression after overexpression in SKOV3 and A2780 cells. (B) Schematic representation of co-culture experiments between OC cells and PMA-treated THP-1 macrophages. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of F4/80 + CD206 + macrophage populations after co-culture. (D) Immunofluorescence analysis of CD206 intensity in macrophages post-co-culture. (E) ELISA quantification of M2 cytokines (TGF-β1, CCL1, IL-4) and M1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in culture supernatants. (F) Crystal violet staining to assess chemotactic recruitment of macrophages by OC cells. (G) qPCR analysis of PD-L1 and GAL-3 mRNA levels in SKOV3 and A2780 cells post-co-culture. Data are presented as violin plots, with each point representing an experimental replicate. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (P < 0.05)