Fig. 5

THBS1 knockdown (KD) alleviates T cell exhaustion. (A) Immunofluorescence analysis of CD8+/CTLA4 + and CD8+/VISTA + T cell populations in tumor tissues. (B) CD3 + T cells isolated from C57 mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 to induce polarization into CD8 + T cells, with or without recombinant THBS1 protein. (C) Flow cytometry analysis of CD69+, TCF7+, PFN+, VISTA+, PD-1+, and CTLA4 + CD8 + T cells. (D) ELISA quantification of PFN, GZMB, IFN-γ, and IL-2 levels in culture supernatants. (E) Annexin-V/CFSE staining to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of T cells on ID8 OC cells. Data are presented as violin plots, with each point representing a single mouse. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test (P < 0.05)