Table 1 Summarizing the types, descriptions, applications, and detection capabilities of nanoparticles
Types of Nanoparticles | Description | Applications | Detection Capabilities |
|---|---|---|---|
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Nanoparticles with unique optical properties | Liquid biopsy for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) | Effective probes for low-abundance biomarkers; enhanced detection through surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical detection [21] |
Upconversion Nanoparticles (UCNPs) | Nanoparticles that convert low-energy radiation into higher energy photons | Upconversion-linked immunosorbent assays for detecting biomarkers (e.g., prostate-specific antigen, breast cancer markers) | Superior signal-to-background ratios compared to traditional fluorescent labels; capable of real-time monitoring of tumor progression [20] |
Nanoplasmonic Biosensors (based on AuNPs) | Advanced sensing platforms utilizing AuNPs | Detection of multiple cancer biomarkers at femtomolar concentrations | Significant enhancement in early screening efforts for cancer [22] |